Public Domain Research Articles

Absolute dimensions of solar-type eclipsing binaries. NYHya: A test for magnetic stellar evolution models

The binary star NY\,Hya is a bright, detached, double-lined eclipsing system with an orbital period of just under five days with two components each nearly identical to the Sun and located in the solar neighbourhood. The objective of this study is to test and confront various stellar evolution models for solar-type stars based on accurate measurements of stellar mass and radius. We present new ground-based spectroscopic and photometric as well as high-precision space-based photometric and astrometric data from which we derive orbital as well as physical properties of the components via the method of least-squares minimisation based on a standard binary model valid for two detached components. Classic statistical techniques were invoked to test the significance of model parameters. Additional empirical evidence was compiled from the public domain; the derived system properties were compared with archival broad-band photometry data enabling a measurement of the system's spectral energy distribution that allowed an independent estimate of stellar properties. We also utilised semi-empirical calibration methods to derive atmospheric properties from Str\"omgren photometry and related colour indices. We measured (percentages are fractional uncertainties) masses, radii, and effective temperatures of the two stars in NY\,Hya and found them to be $M_A = 1.1605 sun \,(0.78<!PCT!>)$, $R_A sun \,(1.1<!PCT!>)$ eff, A 61$\,K\,(1.09<!PCT!>), $M_B = 1.1678 sun \,(0.82<!PCT!>)$, $R_B = 1.406 sun \,(1.2<!PCT!>)$, and eff, B 61$\,K\,(1.09<!PCT!>). The atmospheric properties from Str\"omgren photometry agree well with spectroscopic results. No evidence was found for nearby companions from high-resolution imaging. A detailed analysis of space-based data revealed a small but significant eccentricity $(e of the orbit. The spectroscopic and frequency analysis on photometric time series data reveal evidence of clear photospheric activity on both components likely in the form of star spots caused by magnetic activity. We confronted the observed physical properties with classic and magnetic stellar evolution models. Classic models yielded both young pre-main-sequence and old main-sequence turn-off solutions with the two components at super-solar metallicities, in disagreement with observations. Based on chromospheric activity and X-ray observations, we invoke magnetic models. While magnetic fields are likely to play an important role, we still encounter problems in explaining adequately the observed properties. To reconcile the observed tensions we also considered the effects of star spots known to mimic magnetic inhibition of convection. Encouraging results were obtained, although unrealistically large spots were required on each component. Overall we conclude that NY\,Hya proves to be complex in nature, and requires additional follow-up work aiming at a more accurate determination of stellar effective temperature and metallicity.

Distributed digital twins for health monitoring: resource constrained aero-engine fleet management

Abstract Sensed data from high-value engineering systems is being increasingly exploited to optimise their operation and maintenance. In aerospace, returning all measured data to a central repository is prohibitively expensive, often causing useful, high-value data to be discarded. The ability to detect, prioritise and return useful data on asset and in real-time is vital to move toward more sustainable maintenance activities. We present a data-driven solution for on-line detection and prioritisation of anomalous data that is centrally processed and used to update individualised digital twins (DT) distributed onto remote machines. The DT is embodied as a convolutional neural network (CNN) optimised for real-time execution on a resource constrained gas turbine monitoring computer. The CNN generates a state prediction with uncertainty, which is used as a metric to select informative data for transfer to a remote fleet monitoring system. The received data is screened for faults before updating the weights on the CNN, which are synchronised between real and virtual asset. Results show the successful detection of a known in-flight engine fault and the collection of data related to high novelty pre-cursor events that were previously unrecognised. We demonstrate that data related to novel operation are also identified for transfer to the fleet monitoring system, allowing model improvement by retraining. In addition to these industrial dataset results, reproducible examples are provided for a public domain NASA dataset. The data prioritisation solution is capable of running in real-time on production-standard low-power embedded hardware and is deployed on the Rolls-Royce Pearl 15 engines.

Perspectives on non-financial conflicts of interest in health-related journals: A scoping review

ABSTRACT The objective of this scoping review was to systematically review the literature on how non-financial conflicts of interest (nfCOI) are defined and evaluated, and the strategies suggested for their management in health-related and biomedical journals. PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for peer reviewed studies published in English between 1970 and December 2023 that addressed at least one of the following: the definition, evaluation, or management of non-financial conflicts of interest. From 658 studies, 190 studies were included in the review. nfCOI were discussed most commonly in empirical (22%; 42/190), theoretical (15%; 29/190) and “other” studies (18%; 34/190) – including commentary, perspective, and opinion articles. nfCOI were addressed frequently in the research domain (36%; 68/190), publication domain (29%; 55/190) and clinical practice domain (17%; 32/190). Attitudes toward nfCOI and their management were divided into two distinct groups. The first larger group claimed that nfCOI were problematic and required some form of management, whereas the second group argued that nfCOI were not problematic, and therefore, did not require management. Despite ongoing debates about the nature, definition, and management of nfCOI, many articles included in this review agreed that serious consideration needs to be given to the prevalence, impact and optimal mitigation of non-financial COI.

Distinctiveness of the Integration of Digital Economic Systems into the Activities of Specialized Retail Chains

Relevance. The basis of the digital economy is the digitalization process, which realizes the possibility of using innovative technologies delegated to optimize management systems in various fields of activity. In turn, digital technologies are modifying the usual format of a number of industries, which directly affects the restructuring of business models of organizations.The purpose of the study is to identify industries of specialized retail chains that claim the need to introduce digital technologies and determine the impact of the digital economy on their activities.Objectives: to study the process of formation of digitalization in the economy; determine the specifics of the influence of the digital economy in the activities of specialized retail chains; to specify the distinctiveness of the use of digital technologies in retail trade; demonstrate the need for the introduction of digital technologies in the leading direction of specialized trade. Methodology. In this study, methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, generalization, graphical techniques for processing information, as well as statistical data presented in the public domain on the official Internet portal of the analytical agency TAdviser were used.Results. The authors found that the process of forming digitalization in the economy involves transforming the stages of economic activity through the introduction of digital technologies into them. A procedure has been established for the influence of the digital economy on the activities of specialized retail chains at the exchange stage. The specifics of introducing digital technologies in retail trade have been studied. It has been established that the pharmaceutical industry is a priority area of specialized trade, claiming the need for digital transformation. Its transformation will involve reengineering processes such as sales, dispensing and pharmaceutical consulting. The distinctiveness of the digital economy is determined through the introduction of trends caused by digital transformation in the activities of pharmacy retail.Conclusions. The authors substantiate the relevance of studying the distinctiveness of the digital economy in the activities of specialized retail chains; Specific examples of the implementation of digital technologies within specialized retail are considered, influencing the change in the economic structure through the formation of more efficient economic processes provided by digital infrastructures.Key words: business models, retail, specialized retail chains, pharmaceutical activities, digital technologies, digital transformation, digital economy, economic activity.

Remembering Chris Hani: Biography, agency, and political life today

This article is based on research carried out for the author’s PhD dissertation, which focused on the contested ways in which Martin Thembisile ‘Chris’ Hani is remembered and memorialised (in biographies, museums, exhibitions, film, and the public domain more generally), and what these invocations tell us about processes of historical production, the transitional period from apartheid to democracy, and what it means to live on in the wake of apartheid and colonialism. This article takes up some of these debates in an abridged form, focusing on processes of biographical production, the individual and experience, and what can be seen as a tension between romantic and tragic modes of narrative emplotment. Throughout Longford attempts to problematise individualist ideas about freedom, modernity, and agency, and offers alternative routes through which to understand historical change, political struggle, and subjectivity, as well as biographical and historical production as a conflicted and contested terrain.

Early-Generation Evaluation of Marker-Assisted Transfer of bmr6 and bmr12 Alleles into Sweet and High-biomass Sorghum

The effects of transferring brown midrib (bmr) alleles in sweet and high biomass sorghums (SS/HBM) are not fully understood, and available works produced mixed results depending upon the genetic background of the recurrent parent used. Early-generation testing of the effects of the two mutations in the background of the recurrent parents can help predict the final products and make appropriate early go/no-go breeding decisions, yet, this information is missing. The present study was therefore carried out to reduce these gaps. Marker-assisted transfer of the bmr6 and bmr12 was performed using four (SSV84, ICSB474, ICSV18003, ICSV100324) SS and one (ICSV15024) HBM wild type (WT) lines as recurrent parents, and one bmr6 (N609) and two bmr12 (ICSV101039 and N600) lines as donor parents. Crossing and backcrossing techniques were used to transfer the bmr alleles to develop BC2F2 and F3 populations. Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) marker genotyping assays were performed and implemented for the indirect selection of the bmr transfer in F1 and BC_F1 populations. While the bmr6 markers were polymorphic, the bmr12 markers were monomorphic. The successful bmr6 transfer was therefore confirmed by markers in F1 and BC_F1, while for bmr12 the transfer was confirmed after segregation assessment in F2 and BC_F2 populations. The transfer of bmr12 improved the cellulose content relative to WT genotypes, and bmr12 populations were shorter-statured relative to bmr6 individuals, meaning that bmr12 gene can be considered in sorghum breeding to boost 2G bioethanol bioconversion and to control lodging, and hence favouring mechanical harvesting and limiting yield losses. The observed earliness in the bmr lines is an attractive trait conferring adaptation in the drylands, particularly in the world’s semi-arid tropics characterized by terminal drought stress. Both bmr alleles did not show any negative trade-offs relative to the must-have sorghum plant characteristics, implying that they can safely be deployed in sorghum breeding for bioenergy production purposes. The observed superior bmr lines with farmer-preferred phenotypic acceptance are candidates not only for advancement in breeding pipelines but also for subsequent pyramiding bmr6 and bmr12 in the same genetic background, further improving the bmr-conferred benefits. The successfully used molecular markers will be uploaded in the public domain and can help breed sorghum products other than SS/HBM such as high-quality forage sorghums.

Simultaneous analysis of pMHC binding and reactivity unveils virus-specific CD8 T cell immunity to a concise epitope set.

CD8 T cells provide immunity to virus infection through recognition of epitopes presented by peptide major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs). To establish a concise panel of widely recognized T cell epitopes from common viruses, we combined analysis of TCR down-regulation upon stimulation with epitope-specific enumeration based on barcode-labeled pMHC multimers. We assess CD8 T cell binding and reactivity for 929 previously reported epitopes in the context of 1 of 25 HLA alleles representing 29 viruses. The prevalence and magnitude of CD8 T cell responses were evaluated in 48 donors and reported along with 137 frequently recognized virus epitopes, many of which were underrepresented in the public domain. Eighty-four percent of epitope-specific CD8 T cell populations demonstrated reactivity to peptide stimulation, which was associated with effector and long-term memory phenotypes. Conversely, nonreactive T cell populations were associated primarily with naive phenotypes. Our analysis provides a reference map of epitopes for characterizing CD8 T cell responses toward common human virus infections.

Voice Assistant Utilization among the Disability Community for Independent Living: A Rapid Review of Recent Evidence

The rapid advancement and widespread adoption of voice assistance technology have shown promise in benefiting individuals with disabilities, offering increased social participation, independence, and leisure activities. However, barriers to their full utilization have been identified, leading to potential abandonment by users with disabilities. This rapid review is aimed at filling the gap in the literature by investigating the utilization of voice assistants among people with disabilities for independent living and community participation. A comprehensive search was conducted in academic literature databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, and gray data was sourced from public social media domains through Infegy. The analysis included 48 articles and 281 social media posts that met the inclusion criteria. Neurodiversity, disabilities affecting vision, and general disabilities were the most frequently discussed categories in both sources. The most common tasks performed using voice assistants were interface control, reminders, and environmental control, with a focus on enabling independence. Barriers to use mentioned in the literature included cognitive load during use, speech interpretation, lack of nonverbal control, and privacy concerns, while gray data reported limited functionality and speech interpretation as primary barriers. Amazon Alexa was the most discussed brand in both sources. The findings highlight the need for further research and innovation to fully harness the potential benefits of voice assistants for individuals with disabilities. By addressing the identified barriers and tailoring voice assistance technology to cater to the specific needs of different disability types, this technology can become a powerful tool for enhancing the lives of individuals with disabilities and promoting greater independence and community participation.

Building public engagement and access to palliative care and advance care planning: a qualitative study

BackgroundResearch evidence suggests that a lack of engagement with palliative care and advance care planning could be attributed to a lack of knowledge, presence of misconceptions and stigma within the general public. However, the importance of how death, dying and bereavement are viewed and experienced has been highlighted as an important aspect in enabling public health approaches to palliative care. Therefore, research which explores the public views on strategies to facilitate engagement with palliative care and advance care planning is required.MethodsExploratory, qualitative design, utilising purposive random sampling from a database of participants involved in a larger mixed methods study. Online semi-structured interviews were conducted (n = 28) and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Thematic findings were mapped to the social-ecological model framework to provide a holistic understanding of public behaviours in relation to palliative care and advance care planning engagement.ResultsThree themes were generated from the data: “Visibility and relatability”; “Embedding opportunities for engagement into everyday life”; “Societal and cultural barriers to open discussion”. Evidence of interaction across all five social ecological model levels was identified across the themes, suggesting a multi-level public health approach incorporating individual, social, structural and cultural aspects is required for effective public engagement.ConclusionsPublic views around potential strategies for effective engagement in palliative care and advance care planning services were found to be multifaceted. Participants suggested an increase in visibility within the public domain to be a significant area of consideration. Additionally, enhancing opportunities for the public to engage in palliative care and advance care planning within everyday life, such as education within schools, is suggested to improve death literacy and reduce stigma. For effective communication, socio-cultural aspects need to be explored when developing strategies for engagement with all members of society.

Changing discourse of public administration: Where PAD stands?

AbstractPublic administration in the recent years has become a very dynamic and vast domain owing to evolving challenges. Our study aims to comparatively evaluate the changing discourse in public administration research in general and ‘Public Administration and Development’ (PAD) in particular. For this purpose, we have taken research articles from nine journals of public administration domain for the period of 2010–2022. We have used the text‐mining based approach of Dynamic Topic Modelling to understand the evolution of topics in public administration research. This is followed by the Named Entity Recognition (NER) to discover the geographic importance given in public administration research vis‐à‐vis PAD. We have used the measure of ‘Jaccard similarity’ to compare the changing discourse of PAD with respect to other journals. We have found that topics on approaches to governance, organization performance and health were always on the priority in literature. We have also found that topic coverage in PAD is more diverse and niche compared to the overall trends in public administration research. NER findings suggest that public administration research is more Euro‐North American centric while PAD has pan‐continental presence with focus on developing countries.

A Novel Non-Psychoactive Fatty Acid from a Marine Snail, Conus inscriptus, Signals Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) to Accumulate Apoptotic C16:0 and C18:0 Ceramides in Teratocarcinoma Cell Line PA1

The cannabinoid-type I (CB1) receptor functions as a double-edged sword to decide cell fate: apoptosis/survival. Elevated CB1 receptor expression is shown to cause acute ceramide accumulation to meet the energy requirements of fast-growing cancers. However, the flip side of continual CB1 activation is the initiation of a second ceramide peak that leads to cell death. In this study, we used ovarian cancer cells, PA1, which expressed CB1, which increased threefold when treated with a natural compound, bis(palmitoleic acid) ester of a glycerol (C2). This novel compound is isolated from a marine snail, Conus inscriptus, using hexane and the structural details are available in the public domain PubChem database (ID: 14275348). The compound induced two acute ceramide pools to cause G0/G1 arrest and killed cells by apoptosis. The compound increased intracellular ceramides (C:16 to 7 times and C:18 to 10 times), both of which are apoptotic inducers in response to CB1 signaling and thus the compound is a potent CB1 agonist. The compound is not genotoxic because it did not induce micronuclei formation in non-cancerous Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells. Since the compound induced the cannabinoid pathway, we tested if there was a psychotropic effect in zebrafish models, however, it was evident that there were no observable neurobehavioral changes in the treatment groups. With the available data, we propose that this marine compound is safe to be used in non-cancerous cells as well as zebrafish. Thus, this anticancer compound is non-toxic and triggers the CB1 pathway without causing psychotropic effects.

Remove First, Detect Later: A Counter-intuitive Approach For Detecting Radio Frequency Interference in Radio Sky Imagery

Abstract The modern era has witnessed a rapid uptake of technological use - from air travel to mobile cellphones. Technological advancement has however come at the cost of radio spectrum crowding and as such the efficient detection of radio frequency interference (RFI) from radio sky images has become more paramount. Detecting RFI is a complex task that blends semantic segmentation and anomaly detection, further complicated by the limited availability of public datasets with accurate ground truth labels. Recent studies show that deep learning models improve RFI detection compared to current state-of-the-art tools. However, many astronomers are hesitant to adopt these models, possibly due to the dependence of these models on noisy labels from existing tools when accurate ground truth labels are largely unavailable in the public domain. This study argues that utilizing large weakly labelled training datasets yields lower performance than appropriately employing a modest set of expertly annotated samples. Further, RFDL (Remove First Detect Later), an augmented deep learning framework, is proposed. By first, counter-intuitively, removing RFI with inpainting, RFDL feeds the difference between the original and inpainted images into existing detection models. RFDL’s performance is benchmarked against current state-of-the-art deep learning methods and the prevelant AOFlagger pipeline, using AUROC, AUPRC, and F1 score metrics. It is shown that RFDL significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art whilst only necessitating the use of 20 expertly labelled images.

Multilingualism, language choice, and identity construction: Diasporic Ukrainians in Shanghai

AbstractThis article reports on a study of multilingualism, language choice, and identity construction for six Ukrainians in Shanghai, China. Thematic analysis of data collected from netnographic observation, semi‐structured interviews, and narrative frame writing revealed that diasporic Ukrainians’ language choice is both instrumentally strategic and sociopolitically charged; in the public domain, they construct light “citizen of the world” and “nice foreigner” identities; in the private domain, they construct “Ukrainian who speaks Ukrainian language” identity. To understand the seemingly binary or even conflicted situation, we turn to the concept of “social anchoring” and propose a conceptualization of “diasporic people's language choice and identity selection.” This study shows that the construction of diasporic identity is, first of all, an individualistic process, articulating the affective aspect in their seeking psychological stability; it is also a social practice indicating diasporic people's strategies in seeking social stability.

Long-term, landscape-level assessment of aquatic pesticide exposure to identify amphibian ontological traits affecting vulnerability.

Amphibians worldwide are threatened by habitat loss, some of which is driven by a changing climate, as well as exposure to pesticides, among other causes. The timing and duration of the larval development phase vary between species, thereby influencing the relative impacts of stochastic hydroregime conditions as well as potential aquatic pesticide exposure. We describe the stages of breeding through metamorphosis for eight amphibian species, based on optimal hydroregime conditions, and use a model of pesticide fate and exposure representative of central Florida citrus groves to simulate hydrodynamics based on observed weather data over a 54-year period. Using the Pesticide in Water Calculator and Plant Assessment Tool, we estimated daily wetland depth and pyraclostrobin exposure, with label-recommended application quantities. Species' timing and duration of larval development determined the number of years of suitable hydroregime for breeding and the likelihood of exposure to peak aquatic concentrations of pyraclostrobin. Although the timing of pesticide application determined the number of surviving larvae, density-dependent constraints of wetland hydroregime also affected larval survival across species and seasons. Further defining categorical amphibian life history types and habitat requirements supports the development of screening-level assessments by incorporating environmental stochasticity at the appropriate temporal resolution. Subsequent refinement of these screening-level risk assessment strategies to include spatially explicit landscape data along with terrestrial exposure estimates would offer additional insights into species vulnerability to pesticide exposure throughout the life cycle. Computational simulation of ecologically relevant exposure scenarios, such as these, offers a more realistic interpretation of differential agrichemical risk among species based on their phenology and habits and provides a more situation-specific risk assessment perspective for threatened species. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-10. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Correction to: When Copyright Meets Digital Cultural Heritage: Picturing an EU Right to Culture in Freedom of Panorama and Reproduction of Public Domain Art

Correction to: When Copyright Meets Digital Cultural Heritage: Picturing an EU Right to Culture in Freedom of Panorama and Reproduction of Public Domain Art

Amazon Prime’s growth story faces hurdles in India

Research methodology A secondary research method was used to collect data for this case. The authors have made use of newspaper articles and articles by experts published in the public domain. Case overview/synopsis This case discusses the dilemma faced by Amazon Prime Video in India regarding content. Amazon Prime Video attained success and rapid growth in India ever since its entry into the Indian over the top (OTT) market in 2016. However, the pursuit of attractive and bold content landed Amazon Prime Video in a legal tangle in India. Amazon Prime Video was accused of hurting the religious and political sentiments of Indians by broadcasting bold shows like Tandaav, Family Man, Mirzapur, Family Man 2, etc. Litigations against Amazon Prime Video were filed in the Indian courts by members of religious and political organizations. Protests and online campaigns on Twitter caught the attention of internet influencers in India. The key dilemma faced by the protagonist in this case is whether to continue streaming attractive content that may be controversial and may occasionally hurt the religious/political sentiments of some Indians or stream only safe content that may be deemed as boring by its young target audience. Complexity academic level Undergraduate and postgraduate students studying marketing management and international business courses in business management and commerce streams can use this case.

Validation of the Vietnamese-language Version of SATURN, the Public Domain Self-administered Cognitive Screening Test (P5-9.007)

Validation of the Vietnamese-language Version of SATURN, the Public Domain Self-administered Cognitive Screening Test (P5-9.007)

Model of a pastoral sermon for handling the problem of sexual violence against women in Maluku

Sexual violence against women is an issue of urgency that arises in all cultures locally, nationally, globally and transnationally. This problem has broad dimensions in both the public and private domains, both cases that are reported or not reported to law enforcement. Factually, the trend of this problem has been identified as increasing every year in Maluku, Indonesia. Therefore, the church requires serious attention to prevention and systematic treatment to overcome it. This sensitivity and awareness are a manifestation of the church’s sense of calling and responsibility for the restoration of human dignity. The pastoral sermon service model is the church’s strategic approach to handling this problem. This research aimed to develop a model of pastoral sermons for victims of sexual violence against women in Maluku. This research focused on identifying and exploring the tragic experiences and impacts of sexual violence against women. Furthermore, a cross-cultural pastoral model was created for victims of violence.Contribution: This article provided a new perspective from the post-modern homiletics to approach social issues. This new homiletical approach to dealing with the problem of women’s sexual violence is one of the main focuses of ‘Women’s Theological Studies’ in HTS.

Investigation of sustainability failures of ISO 9001 quality management system – a case of Botswana

PurposeThis study aims to investigate causes of sustainability failures of ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems in Botswana.Design/methodology/approachThe research employed qualitative and quantitative methods, including literature review and secondary data analysis to understand trends relating to Botswana, and a survey to identify gaps leading to certification sustainability failures, focusing on; motives for certification, causes of decertification and issues in the certification process.FindingsISO 9001 adoption in Botswana is slow, with low acceptance rate in the public sector at 13% compared to the private sector at 87%. Termination rates have been high at 55% over two decades. Manufacturing dominates certification with 45% of total certification. While micro and small companies struggle to sustain certification, often failing within 2 years, medium-sized companies demonstrate better sustainability, lasting beyond 6 years. Product/service quality and process improvement drive certification while decertification is influenced by management factors, financial constraints, and process management. The study recommends a model for effective integration of ISO 9001.Originality/valueIntegrated systems are crucial for consistent process performance and continual improvement in all sectors for sustainable organizational success. Although the ISO 9001 Quality Management System has shown positive impacts globally, the impact of its adoption in Botswana remains questionable with high failure rates post implementation. There appears to exist a significant gap in development, implementation, and maintenance of the QMS. The public domain has no evidence of any past investigation on causes of sustainability failures of ISO 9001 post certification. The current study sought to close that knowledge gap.

Carbon Dioxide Toxicity to Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) is Dependent on Water Chemistry.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is gaining interest as a tool to combat aquatic invasive species, including zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). However, the effects of water chemistry on CO2 efficacy are not well described. We conducted five trials in which we exposed adult zebra mussels to a range of CO2 in water with adjusted total hardness and specific conductance. We compared dose-responses and found differences in lethal concentration to 50% of organisms (LC50) estimates ranging from 108.3 to 179.3 mg/L CO2 and lethal concentration to 90% of organisms (LC90) estimates ranging from 163.7 to 216.6 mg/L CO2. We modeled LC50 and LC90 estimates with measured water chemistry variables from the trials. We found sodium (Na+) concentration to have the strongest correlation to changes in the LC50 and specific conductance to have the strongest correlation to changes in the LC90. Our results identify water chemistry as an important factor in considering efficacious CO2 concentrations for zebra mussel control. Additional research into the physiological responses of zebra mussels exposed to CO2 may be warranted to further explain mode of action and reported selectivity. Further study could likely develop a robust and relevant model to refine CO2 applications for a wider range of water chemistries. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-8. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.